Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organizational Essay

Effect of Psychological Contract Violation on Organizational Commitment, Trust and Turnover Intention in Private and Public Sector Indian Organizations - Essay Example Shahnawaz and Goswami (2011) basically outline the negative outcomes of psychological contract breaches on employers and employees in an organization. Epitropaki (2013: 67) describes an employment contract as a document which can control the activities of employees in an organization, and help them to realize the business goals. Such a contract details what employees are expected of by their employer and the gains that they are entitled to as payment for their effort. On the other hand, Wei and Si (2013: 544) concurs with Shahnawaz and Goswami on the definition of the less formal psychological contract as the beliefs of an individual employee as influenced by the business conditions guiding the interaction between employees and the employer. Alternatively, psychological contract can be construed to mean the perception of individual employees of their duty to their employer and their entitlements (Chiang et al 2012:81). Although, many people view the formal contract as more important to the success of an organization, Shahnawaz and Goswami’s assertion that psychological contract is a mutual commitment which plays an equally pivotal role in forging organizational commitment and the greater productivity is based on scientific evidence (Kraft & Kwantes 2013: 139; (Randmann 2013: 134). But Shahnawaz and Goswami’s argument that it is obvious for either party to fulfill their duty such contracts fails the implementation test. Notably, Zribi and Souaà ¯ (2013: 11) say the understanding of the psychological contract terms between an employee and the organization may be different because both parties have diverse interests and the practice is massively perceptual. Liang and Liu (2014: 56) also note these conflicting understandings of the mutual duties may create an understanding that the other party has reneged on the contractual terms. In addition, employees’ beliefs about of the duti es set up at the

Biology and the body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biology and the body - Essay Example l to explain that the female anatomy has been made to support this model where the Vagina is an interior penis, the uterus is the scrotum and the ovaries are the testicles (Laqueur 28). However, this theory of one sex is criticised especially on the womb, which in the ancient times was thought to be the belly, which was common to both men and women. Another theory that Thomas Laqueur put forward and that followed the one sex model is the two sex theory says that the body determines the gender disparities and the female has a completely different anatomy from a male with dissimilar parts of the anatomy functions and feelings. He explained that there is no sex is a monopoly, Laqueur further went ahead and argued that science would only invent new ways of speaking and not to liberate one gender from another, he put out that destiny is anatomy. The film is it a boy or a girl that Phyllis Ward of the intersex society of North America advocates for intersex people goes into deeper analysis on what biologically determines the gender of an individual. The biological differences between the genders help us further understand how the sex of an individual, which is biologically determined before birth, enables one to play his gender role. For instance, what causes a woman to be a woman biologically and how she is wired to perform the activities that involve the gender and her role in sexual intercourse due her having a vagina. The body is at the centre of any understanding regarding gender as the various anatomical processes in the body determine the gender and the anatomical role the gender plays. However according to the one sex model that there exists a monopoly of gender and that the woman was an imperfect man, then it would be accepted that for a man the larger or bigger the penis is the manlier he is presumed to be. However, that idea is fallacious since even in those times of philosopher Aristotle they preferred a small penis, which was thought of as having a higher